What holds teeth in the mouth is the gum and the bone beneath it. When these tissues become diseased, even teeth without a single cavity can be lost.
What is periodontology?
Periodontology is a dental specialty that protects the health of the gums, jawbone and connective tissues surrounding the teeth. It deals with the diagnosis and treatment of gum disease, gum recession, inflammation, tooth loss and loss of jawbone.
Signs of gum disease
- Gums that bleed when brushing or by themselves
- Red, swollen or tender gums
- Persistent bad breath and a bad taste in the mouth
- Receding gums, teeth that look longer
- New gaps appearing between the teeth
- Loose teeth or a change in the bite
Gum disease often progresses without pain. Healthy gums do not bleed; if you see bleeding, we recommend an examination without delay.
Stages of the disease
Gingivitis
The first stage. The inflammation is limited to the gum; the bone is not yet affected. It can be completely reversed with professional cleaning and proper oral care.
Periodontitis
Untreated gingivitis can spread to the bone and connective tissue around the tooth. Pockets form between tooth and gum and the bone is lost. Bone lost at this stage does not come back by itself; the aim of treatment is to stop the disease and protect the remaining tissue.
How is it treated?
- Examination and measurementPocket depths are measured, bleeding and mobility are assessed, and the bone level is examined on X-rays.
- ScalingPlaque and tartar on the teeth and along the gum line are removed and the surfaces polished.
- Deep cleaning (curettage)If pockets have formed, the root surfaces below the gum are cleaned and smoothed under local anaesthesia.
- Oral hygiene instructionCorrect brushing and the use of floss and interdental brushes are demonstrated. How long the results last depends on care at home.
- Reassessment and maintenanceThe response of the tissues is checked a few weeks later. Surgical treatment may be considered in advanced cases. Check-ups every three to six months are then recommended.
Factors that increase the risk of gum disease
- Poor oral care and not having regular cleaning
- Smoking and tobacco products
- Diabetes
- Periods of hormonal change such as pregnancy
- Medications that cause a dry mouth
- Genetic predisposition
Frequently asked questions
My gums bleed when I brush. Should I stop brushing?
No. Bleeding is usually a sign of gum inflammation, and stopping brushing makes it worse. Keep brushing gently with a soft brush and book an examination.
Does scaling damage the teeth?
No. Only tartar and plaque are removed; the enamel is not harmed. Sensitivity that may last a few days afterwards comes from surfaces that were covered by tartar being exposed, and it is temporary.
Do receded gums grow back?
Receded gum does not return to its old position by itself. Its progress can be stopped by dealing with the cause; in suitable cases the exposed root can be covered with gum surgery.
How often should I have my teeth cleaned?
For most people a check-up every six months, with cleaning when needed, is enough. For people who have had gum disease the dentist may recommend check-ups every three or four months.
This page is for general information and is not a substitute for an examination. The right treatment for you is decided after your dentist's examination and any imaging needed.